Determination and characterization of metal nanoparticles in clams and oysters

With the extensive application of nanotechnology, metal nanoparticles (MNPs) have been widely used, thus are universally detected in the environment. This has caused increasingly concerns due to their toxicity and the potential health risks they pose to humans.

In this work, the concentrations and particle size distributions of MNPs and concentrations of associated metal ionic species in shellfish seafood (clams and oysters) were investigated using single particle inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (sp-ICP-MS) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS).

The MNPs in the clam and oyster tissues were extracted via an alkaline digestion method with a recovery rate of 95.9% (for gold nanoparticles (AuNPs)). Then total concentrations of 41 metal elements were measured in the two types of seafood, of which 20 were selected for sp-ICP-MS analysis.

The results showed that 5 types of MNPs were detectable in clams (Y, La, Ce, Pr, Gd) and 5 types of MNPs were detectable in oysters (Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd). Size distributions of MNPs in clams and oysters were in the range of 35-55 nm and 30-65 nm, respectively.

Nanoparticle concentrations in clams and oysters ranged from 0.6 to 37.7 ng/g and 4.2-19.7 ng/g, and accounted for 3.4%-50% and 5.5%-46% of the total metal content, respectively. Based on this analysis, the health risks of metals in the two kinds of seafood were evaluated by comparing the Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake (PTWI) with limits recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO)/FoodandAgricultureOrganization (FAO).

These results provide important information about the presence of metal nanoparticles in seafood and, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that the nanoparticles of rare earth elements have been detected and reported in bivalve mollusc tissues.

B33-5-472 AF Systems Consumables
133890	BRADY NV	Box of 5000 Label(s)	EUR 306.68
Description: Description Dutch: Polyimide wikkellabels voor BBP33/i3300-printers; Description French: Étiquettes pour fils à enrouler en polyimide pour imprimantes BBP33/i3300

B33-5-484 AF Systems Consumables
133892	BRADY NV	Box of 5000 Label(s)	EUR 116.73
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B33-5-486 AF Systems Consumables
142879	BRADY NV	Box of 5000 Label(s)	EUR 271.13
Description: Description Dutch: Gemetalliseerde polyesterlabels voor BBP33/i3300-printers; Description French: Étiquettes en polyester métallisé pour imprimantes BBP33/i3300

B33-5-428 AF Systems Consumables
142880	BRADY NV	Box of 5000 Label(s)	EUR 277.68
Description: Description Dutch: Gemetalliseerde polyesterlabels voor BBP33/i3300-printers; Description French: Étiquettes en polyester métallisé pour imprimantes BBP33/i3300

B33-5-425 AF Systems Consumables
142962	BRADY NV	Box of 5000 Label(s)	EUR 73.12
Description: Description Dutch: Polypropyleenlabels voor BBP33/i3300-printers; Description French: Étiquettes en polypropylène pour imprimantes BBP33/i3300

B33-5-434 AF Systems Consumables
142963	BRADY NV	Box of 5000 Label(s)	EUR 194.27
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B33-5-498 AF Systems Consumables
142966	BRADY NV	Box of 5000 Label(s)	EUR 312.87
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B33-5-489 AF Systems Consumables
143062	BRADY NV	Box of 5000 Label(s)	EUR 312.87
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B33-5-483 AF Systems Consumables
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B33-5-423 AF Systems Consumables
143076	BRADY NV	Box of 5000 Label(s)	EUR 99.44
Description: Description Dutch: Polyesterlabels voor BBP33/i3300-printers; Description French: Étiquettes en polyester pour imprimantes BBP33/i3300

B33-5-437YL AF Systems Consumables
133889	BRADY NV	Box of 5000 Label(s)	EUR 352.7
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B33-5-472YL AF Systems Consumables
133891	BRADY NV	Box of 5000 Label(s)	EUR 306.68
Description: Description Dutch: Polyimide wikkellabels voor BBP33/i3300-printers; Description French: Étiquettes pour fils à enrouler en polyimide pour imprimantes BBP33/i3300

PIC 373-200*200-5-B7541 AC Signs
222822	BRADY NV	Card of 1 Pictogram(s)	EUR 4.02
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PIC 373-400*400-5-B7541 AC Signs
227639	BRADY NV	Card of 1 Pictogram(s)	EUR 11.71
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PIC 373-400*400-5-B7527 AC Signs
227640	BRADY NV	Card of 1 Pictogram(s)	EUR 16.26
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PIC 373-(5)-148*148-B7541 AC Signs
250461	BRADY NV	Card of 1 Pictogram(s)	EUR 3.07
Description: Description Dutch: Reddingspictogram - Niveau-aanduiding: 5; Description French: Panneau d'évacuation - Niveau 5

Anti-UBA3 Antibody [1B6-6-5]
EM1901-64	HUABIO	100ul	EUR 210
Description: The modification of proteins with ubiquitin is an important cellular mechanism for targeting abnormal or short-lived proteins for degradation. Ubiquitination involves at least three classes of enzymes: ubiquitin-activating enzymes, or E1s, ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes, or E2s, and ubiquitin-protein ligases, or E3s. This gene encodes a member of the E1 ubiquitin-activating enzyme family. The encoded enzyme associates with AppBp1, an amyloid beta precursor protein binding protein, to form a heterodimer, and then the enzyme complex activates NEDD8, a ubiquitin-like protein, which regulates cell division, signaling and embryogenesis. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been found for this gene.

PAST B7541 Ø35(5) GRS 2019 AB Labels
834810	BRADY NV	Pack of 125 Label(s)	EUR 114.92
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7095B 5-3/4 PASTEUR PIPET
7095B-5X	CORNING	200/pk	EUR 80.4
Description: Disposable Pipets; Pasteur Pipets

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834846	BRADY NV	Pack of 125 Label(s)	EUR 114.92
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834847	BRADY NV	Pack of 125 Label(s)	EUR 114.92
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834850	BRADY NV	Pack of 125 Label(s)	EUR 114.92
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834852	BRADY NV	Pack of 125 Label(s)	EUR 114.92
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834854	BRADY NV	Pack of 125 Label(s)	EUR 114.92
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PAST B7541 Ø35(5) BLU/PUR 29/30 AB Labels
834855	BRADY NV	Pack of 125 Label(s)	EUR 114.92
Description: Description Dutch: Vervaldagaanduiding-DATE 29/30 Dia 35 B-7541; Description French: PASTILLES CALENDRIER 29/30 Dia 35 B-7541

Anti-PGP9.5 Antibody [B1-5-6]
EM1701-86	HUABIO	100ul	EUR 210
Description: Ubiquitin-protein hydrolase involved both in the processing of ubiquitin precursors and of ubiquitinated proteins. This enzyme is a thiol protease that recognizes and hydrolyzes a peptide bond at the C-terminal glycine of ubiquitin. Also binds to free monoubiquitin and may prevent its degradation in lysosomes. The homodimer may have ATP-independent ubiquitin ligase activity.

TS-152.40-514-5-BK-20 AC Signs
121877	BRADY NV	Pack of 20 Label(s)	EUR 29.9
Description: Description Dutch: ToughStripe gestanste cijfers en letters; Description French: Chiffres et lettres prédécoupés ToughStripe

TS-152.40-514-5-BL-20 AC Signs
121881	BRADY NV	Pack of 20 Label(s)	EUR 29.9
Description: Description Dutch: ToughStripe gestanste cijfers en letters; Description French: Chiffres et lettres prédécoupés ToughStripe

5 Element Biodiesel Standard 5 ug/g (5 PPM) for AA and ICP 100 grams B100 Biofuel - 100ML
BFM-20Y	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	100ML	EUR 241.65

Sulfur 5 ug/g (5 PPM) for AA and ICP 100mL in B100 Biofuel - 100G
BFS-5Y	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	100G	EUR 172.8

Corning 7095b 5 3 4 Pasteur Pipet - PK1000
7095B5X	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	PK1000	EUR 79.65

DNA (cytosine-5-)-methyltransferase 2 (TRDMT1) Mouse anti-Mouse Monoclonal (102B1259.2) Antibody
GWB-A0554A	GenWay Biotech	0.05 mg	Ask for price

Flystuff (59-151B) Bottle Tray 4 X 5 - EACH
FLY1164	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	EUR 198.29

Avermectin B1a (5-O-Demethylavermectin A1a, Antibiotic C 076B1a)
MBS651270-1mg	MyBiosource	1mg	EUR 585

Avermectin B1a (5-O-Demethylavermectin A1a, Antibiotic C 076B1a)
MBS651270-5x1mg	MyBiosource	5x1mg	EUR 2475

alpha Tubulin antibody (mAb)(Clone 5-B-1-2)
MBS388477-001mL	MyBiosource	0.01mL	EUR 225

alpha Tubulin antibody (mAb)(Clone 5-B-1-2)
MBS388477-01mL	MyBiosource	0.1mL	EUR 615

alpha Tubulin antibody (mAb)(Clone 5-B-1-2)
MBS388477-5x01mL	MyBiosource	5x0.1mL	EUR 2690

Anti-Mouse CD45R/B220-CY-5 Conjugate Antibody
MBS4151728-01mg	MyBiosource	0.1mg	EUR 635

Anti-Mouse CD45R/B220-CY-5 Conjugate Antibody
MBS4151728-5x01mg	MyBiosource	5x0.1mg	EUR 2610

DNA (cytosine-5-)-methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) Mouse anti-Human Monoclonal (aa637-650) (60B1220.1) Antibody
GWB-CB814A	GenWay Biotech	0.05 mg	Ask for price

3b-17-Imino-androst-5-en-3-ol Dimer
I399800	Toronto Research Chemicals	500mg	EUR 184
Description: 491873-45-1

Anti-Glypican 5 (1B8)
YF-MA13004	Abfrontier	100 ug	EUR 435.6
Description: Mouse monoclonal to Glypican 5

Recombinant Bacillus phage B103 Single-strand-binding protein (5)
MBS1349271-002mgBaculovirus	MyBiosource	0.02mg(Baculovirus)	EUR 1045

Recombinant Bacillus phage B103 Single-strand-binding protein (5)
MBS1349271-002mgEColi	MyBiosource	0.02mg(E-Coli)	EUR 625

Recombinant Bacillus phage B103 Single-strand-binding protein (5)
MBS1349271-002mgYeast	MyBiosource	0.02mg(Yeast)	EUR 800

Recombinant Bacillus phage B103 Single-strand-binding protein (5)
MBS1349271-01mgEColi	MyBiosource	0.1mg(E-Coli)	EUR 725

Recombinant Bacillus phage B103 Single-strand-binding protein (5)
MBS1349271-01mgYeast	MyBiosource	0.1mg(Yeast)	EUR 935

(3b,17b)-3,17-Bis(acetyloxy)-17-methylandrost-5-en-7-one
B400620	Toronto Research Chemicals	100mg	EUR 339
Description: 37038-00-9

Laminin alpha 5 (LAMA5) mouse monoclonal antibody, clone 4B12, Purified
AM26110PU-N	Origene Technologies GmbH	100 µg	Ask for price

Anti-DNMT3L Antibody [B0-5]
M1405-4	HUABIO	100ul	EUR 210
Description: DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase 3-like is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the DNMT3L gene. CpG methylation is an epigenetic modification that is important for embryonic development, imprinting, and X-chromosome inactivation. Studies in mice have demonstrated that DNA methylation is required for mammalian development. This gene encodes a nuclear protein with similarity to DNA methyltransferases. This protein is not thought to function as a DNA methyltransferase as it does not contain the amino acid residues necessary for methyltransferase activity. However, this protein does stimulate de novo methylation by DNA cytosine methyltransferase 3 alpha and it is thought to be required for the establishment of maternal genomic imprints. This protein also mediates transcriptional repression through interaction with histone deacetylase 1.

Peroxiredoxin 5 (PRDX5, ACR1, AOEB116, B116, PLP, PMP20, PRDX6, PRXV, SBBI10)
MBS623204-01mg	MyBiosource	0.1mg	EUR 900

Peroxiredoxin 5 (PRDX5, ACR1, AOEB116, B116, PLP, PMP20, PRDX6, PRXV, SBBI10)
MBS623204-5x01mg	MyBiosource	5x0.1mg	EUR 3890

VC 50bp DNA Ladder, 5 x 50µg
NL1422	Vivantis	each	Ask for price

Recombinant Haloferax volcanii 2-oxo-4-hydroxy-4-carboxy-5-ureidoimidazoline decarboxylase (HVO_B0301)
MBS1233675-005mgBaculovirus	MyBiosource	0.05mg(Baculovirus)	EUR 1015

Recombinant Haloferax volcanii 2-oxo-4-hydroxy-4-carboxy-5-ureidoimidazoline decarboxylase (HVO_B0301)
MBS1233675-005mgEColi	MyBiosource	0.05mg(E-Coli)	EUR 680

Recombinant Haloferax volcanii 2-oxo-4-hydroxy-4-carboxy-5-ureidoimidazoline decarboxylase (HVO_B0301)
MBS1233675-005mgYeast	MyBiosource	0.05mg(Yeast)	EUR 840

Recombinant Haloferax volcanii 2-oxo-4-hydroxy-4-carboxy-5-ureidoimidazoline decarboxylase (HVO_B0301)
MBS1233675-02mgEColi	MyBiosource	0.2mg(E-Coli)	EUR 880

Recombinant Haloferax volcanii 2-oxo-4-hydroxy-4-carboxy-5-ureidoimidazoline decarboxylase (HVO_B0301)
MBS1233675-05mgEColi	MyBiosource	0.5mg(E-Coli)	EUR 965

Accuris SmartCheck™ 100bp DNA Ladder, 5 x 500ul / 500 lanes
PR4010-500	Benchmark Scientific	1 PC	EUR 185.81

DNMT3L Monoclonal Antibody [B0-5]
A-1800	EpiGentek	100 µl	EUR 702.06

Rat Monoclonal Anti-Mouse CD45R (Ly 5, B220), PE (Clone RA3-6B2) (rat IgG2a)
MCD045R-PE	Alpha Diagnostics	100 tests	EUR 562.8

Rat Monoclonal Anti-Mouse CD45R (Ly 5, B220), FITC (Clone RA3-6B2) (rat IgG2a)
MCD045R-F	Alpha Diagnostics	100 tests	EUR 562.8

3beta,17beta-Androst-5-enediol
A637670	Toronto Research Chemicals	10g	EUR 164
Description: 521-17-5

3alpha,17beta-Androst-5-enediol
A637675	Toronto Research Chemicals	100mg	EUR 234
Description: 16895-59-3

Rat Monoclonal Anti-Mouse CD45R (Ly 5, B220), Biotin (Clone RA3-6B2) (rat IgG2a)
MCD045R-B	Alpha Diagnostics	100 tests	EUR 562.8

3a,17b-Androst-5-enediol-d3
A637677	Toronto Research Chemicals	1mg	EUR 1616

(11b,16b)-11,21-bis(acetyloxy)-2'-methyl-5'H-pregna-1,4-dieno[17,16-d]oxazole-3,20-dione(Deflazacort Impurity)
B400605	Toronto Research Chemicals	100mg	EUR 173
Description: 710951-92-1

Rat Monoclonal Anti-Mouse CD45R (Ly 5, B220), No Azide (Clone RA3-6B2) (rat IgG2a)
MCD045R-M	Alpha Diagnostics	100 Tests	EUR 578.4

Peroxiredoxin 5, Recombinant, Human (PRDX5, ACR1, AOEB116, B116, PLP, PMP20, PRDX6, PRXV, SBBI10)
MBS638337-0005mg	MyBiosource	0.005mg	EUR 450

Peroxiredoxin 5, Recombinant, Human (PRDX5, ACR1, AOEB116, B116, PLP, PMP20, PRDX6, PRXV, SBBI10)
MBS638337-002mg	MyBiosource	0.02mg	EUR 645

Peroxiredoxin 5, Recombinant, Human (PRDX5, ACR1, AOEB116, B116, PLP, PMP20, PRDX6, PRXV, SBBI10)
MBS638337-5x002mg	MyBiosource	5x0.02mg	EUR 2670

anti-ADP-ribosylation factor 5 (1B4)
LF-MA10023	Abfrontier	100 ug	EUR 435.6
Description: Mouse monoclonal to ADP-ribosylation factor 5

Tmem176b (untagged) - Rat transmembrane protein 176B (Tmem176b), transcript variant 5
RN216187	Origene Technologies GmbH	10 µg	Ask for price

5 Element Biodiesel Standard 10 ug/g (10 PPM) for AA and ICP 100 grams B100 Biofuel - 100ML
BFM-10Y	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	100ML	EUR 241.65

5 Element Biodiesel Standard 20 ug/g (20 PPM) for AA and ICP 100 grams B100 Biofuel - 100ML
BFM-5Y	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	100ML	EUR 241.65

Epiestriol 16 (1, 3, 5(10)-Estratrien-3, 16beta, 17beta-Triol (16beta-Hydroxy-17beta-Estradiol)
MBS639082-25mg	MyBiosource	25mg	EUR 310

Epiestriol 16 (1, 3, 5(10)-Estratrien-3, 16beta, 17beta-Triol (16beta-Hydroxy-17beta-Estradiol)
MBS639082-5x25mg	MyBiosource	5x25mg	EUR 1250

∆5-Androstene-3b,17b-diol-16,16,17-d3
A637547	Toronto Research Chemicals	10mg	EUR 1023
Description: 73609-45-7

Pregn-5-ene-3beta,20beta,21-triol
P712213	Toronto Research Chemicals	100mg	EUR 1200
Description: 853-26-9

Tmem176b (untagged) - Mouse transmembrane protein 176B (Tmem176b), transcript variant 5
MC226658	Origene Technologies GmbH	10 µg	Ask for price

TMEM176B (untagged)-Human transmembrane protein 176B (TMEM176B), transcript variant 5
SC316911	Origene Technologies GmbH	10 µg	Ask for price

CYB561D1 (untagged)-Human cytochrome b-561 domain containing 1 (CYB561D1), transcript variant 5
SC325488	Origene Technologies GmbH	10 µg	Ask for price

PRDX5 (PLP, ACR1, B166, PRXV, PMP20, PRDX6, prx-V, SBBI10, AOEB166, HEL-S-55, Peroxiredoxin 5) (AP)
MBS6448692-01mL	MyBiosource	0.1mL	EUR 950

PRDX5 (PLP, ACR1, B166, PRXV, PMP20, PRDX6, prx-V, SBBI10, AOEB166, HEL-S-55, Peroxiredoxin 5) (AP)
MBS6448692-5x01mL	MyBiosource	5x0.1mL	EUR 4120

PRDX5 (PLP, ACR1, B166, PRXV, PMP20, PRDX6, prx-V, SBBI10, AOEB166, HEL-S-55, Peroxiredoxin 5) (APC)
MBS6448693-01mL	MyBiosource	0.1mL	EUR 950

PRDX5 (PLP, ACR1, B166, PRXV, PMP20, PRDX6, prx-V, SBBI10, AOEB166, HEL-S-55, Peroxiredoxin 5) (APC)
MBS6448693-5x01mL	MyBiosource	5x0.1mL	EUR 4120

PRDX5 (PLP, ACR1, B166, PRXV, PMP20, PRDX6, prx-V, SBBI10, AOEB166, HEL-S-55, Peroxiredoxin 5) (HRP).
MBS6448696-01mL	MyBiosource	0.1mL	EUR 950

PRDX5 (PLP, ACR1, B166, PRXV, PMP20, PRDX6, prx-V, SBBI10, AOEB166, HEL-S-55, Peroxiredoxin 5) (HRP).
MBS6448696-5x01mL	MyBiosource	5x0.1mL	EUR 4120

PRDX5 (PLP, ACR1, B166, PRXV, PMP20, PRDX6, prx-V, SBBI10, AOEB166, HEL-S-55, Peroxiredoxin 5) (PE)
MBS6448702-01mL	MyBiosource	0.1mL	EUR 950

PRDX5 (PLP, ACR1, B166, PRXV, PMP20, PRDX6, prx-V, SBBI10, AOEB166, HEL-S-55, Peroxiredoxin 5) (PE)
MBS6448702-5x01mL	MyBiosource	5x0.1mL	EUR 4120

Anti-Macrophage inflammatory protein 5 (3B7)
YF-MA15366	Abfrontier	100 ug	EUR 435.6
Description: Mouse monoclonal to Macrophage inflammatory protein 5

Anti-Macrophage inflammatory protein 5 (3B1)
YF-MA15367	Abfrontier	100 ug	EUR 435.6
Description: Mouse monoclonal to Macrophage inflammatory protein 5

Anti-Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor 5 (1B3)
YF-MA13334	Abfrontier	100 ug	EUR 435.6
Description: Mouse monoclonal to Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor 5

PRDX5 (PLP, ACR1, B166, PRXV, PMP20, PRDX6, prx-V, SBBI10, AOEB166, HEL-S-55, Peroxiredoxin 5) (FITC)
MBS6448695-01mL	MyBiosource	0.1mL	EUR 950

PRDX5 (PLP, ACR1, B166, PRXV, PMP20, PRDX6, prx-V, SBBI10, AOEB166, HEL-S-55, Peroxiredoxin 5) (FITC)
MBS6448695-5x01mL	MyBiosource	5x0.1mL	EUR 4120

CYB561D1 (GFP-tagged) - Human cytochrome b-561 domain containing 1 (CYB561D1), transcript variant 5
RG225080	Origene Technologies GmbH	10 µg	Ask for price

(3a,​17b)​-Diacetate Estr-​5(10)​-​ene-​3,​17-​diol
D144135	Toronto Research Chemicals	10mg	EUR 1619
Description: 14413-22-0

PRDX5 (PLP, ACR1, B166, PRXV, PMP20, PRDX6, prx-V, SBBI10, AOEB166, HEL-S-55, Peroxiredoxin 5) (Biotin)
MBS6448694-01mL	MyBiosource	0.1mL	EUR 950

PRDX5 (PLP, ACR1, B166, PRXV, PMP20, PRDX6, prx-V, SBBI10, AOEB166, HEL-S-55, Peroxiredoxin 5) (Biotin)
MBS6448694-5x01mL	MyBiosource	5x0.1mL	EUR 4120

TMEM176B (GFP-tagged) - Human transmembrane protein 176B (TMEM176B), transcript variant 5
RG212419	Origene Technologies GmbH	10 µg	Ask for price

3beta,7beta,17beta-Trihydroxyandrost-5-ene
MBS5772099-5mg	MyBiosource	5mg	EUR 915

3beta,7beta,17beta-Trihydroxyandrost-5-ene
MBS5772099-5x5mg	MyBiosource	5x5mg	EUR 3970

(11b,17b)-11-(1,3-Benzodioxol-5-yl)-17-hydroxy-17-(1-propyn-1-yl)estra-4,9-dien-3-one
B198850	Toronto Research Chemicals	100mg	EUR 339
Description: 189035-07-2

TMEM126B (untagged) - Homo sapiens transmembrane protein 126B (TMEM126B), transcript variant 5
SC330452	Origene Technologies GmbH	10 µg	Ask for price

19-Nor-5-androstene-3beta,17beta-diol
N661055	Toronto Research Chemicals	500mg	EUR 230
Description: 25975-59-1

VC 50bp DNA Ladder (ready-to-use), 5 x 50µg
NL1424	Vivantis	each	Ask for price

PRDX5 (PLP, ACR1, B166, PRXV, PMP20, PRDX6, prx-V, SBBI10, AOEB166, HEL-S-55, Peroxiredoxin 5) (MaxLight 405)
MBS6448697-01mL	MyBiosource	0.1mL	EUR 950

PRDX5 (PLP, ACR1, B166, PRXV, PMP20, PRDX6, prx-V, SBBI10, AOEB166, HEL-S-55, Peroxiredoxin 5) (MaxLight 405)
MBS6448697-5x01mL	MyBiosource	5x0.1mL	EUR 4120

Lake Victoria is a shared water resource between Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania, which is the second largest freshwater lake in the world. It has long since suffered from the consequences of overexploitation of its resources, mainly fish stocks, and increasingly high pollution.

The closure of 58% of the fish processing plants (FPPs) is attributed to the declining fish stocks due to overfishing and pollution in particular.

The installation and operation of a pilot membrane bioreactor (MBR) in Kisumu, Kenya, adopts an integrated approach by providing an integral, sustainable, cost effective and robust solution for water sanitation which also meets the demand for clean water in fish processing industry, aquaculture and irrigation.

The innovative system comprises a pilot MBR coupled with a recirculation aquaculture system (RAS). The RAS is able to recirculate 90-95% of its water volume; only the water loss through evaporation and drum filter back flushing has to be replaced.

To compensate for this water deficit the MBR treats domestic wastewater for further reuse. Additionally, excess, purified water is used for irrigating a variety of local vegetables and could also be used in fish processing plants.

The pilot-scale MBR plant with around 6 m2 submerged commercial polyethersulfone (PES) membranes provides treated water in basic agreement with FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization) standards for irrigation and aquaculture, showing no adverse effects on tilapia fingerlings production. A novel membrane module with a low-fouling coating is operating stably, but has not yet shown improved performance compared to the commercial one. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.